Gerunds and To infinitive

1.Gerunds Gerunds kelihatan sama dengan Present Participle, namun ada perbedaan mendasar dalam menggunakanya. Gerunds berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Walau kelihatan seperti kata kerja). Dibawah ini beberapa penggunaan Gerunds. 1.1 Gerunds sebagai subjek dalam sebuah kalimat Contoh : • Eating people is wrong. • Hunting tigers is dangerous. • Flying makes me nervous. • Brushing your teeth is important. • Smoking causes lung cancer. 1.2 Sebagai pelengkap dari verb 'to be' Examples • One of his duties is attending meetings. • The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund. • One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. 1.3 Gerunds setelah Kata depan ( Preposition ) Gerunds selalu dipakai setelah kata depan. Contoh : • Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? • She is good at painting. • She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road. • We arrived in Madrid after driving all night. • My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary. • There's no point in waiting. • In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time. 1.4 Gerund setelah phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs terdiri dari a verb + preposition or adverb. Examples • When will you give up smoking? • She always puts off going to the dentist. • He kept on asking for money. • Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke. Ada beberapa phrasal verb yang memiliki kata "to" seumpama kata depan ( preposition ) contoh to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, & to be used to. Perlu diingat bahwa kata "to" is Adalah preposisi oleh karena itu harus diikuti oleh gerund. Bukan sebagai to infinitive. Kita dapat mengetahui "to" apakah sebuah gerund atau infinitive. Jika dapat menempatkankan kata Ganti ( pronoun ) "it" setelah kata "to" dan masih tetap memiliki kalimat yang benar, maka kata "to" Adalah preposisi dan harus diikuti oleh gerund. Contoh : • I look forward to hearing from you soon. • I look forward to it. • I am used to waiting for buses. • I am used to it. • She didn't really take to studying English. • She didn't really take to it. • When will you get around to mowing the grass? • When will you get around to it? 1.5 The gerund in compound nouns ( Gerund pada kata benda majemuk ) In compound nouns using the gerund, it is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb. For example, with the word "swimming pool" it is a pool for swimming in, it is not a pool that is swimming. Contoh : • I am giving Sally a driving lesson. • They have a swimming pool in their back yard. • I bought some new running shoes. 1.6 The gerund after some expressions ( gerund sebagai suatu ungkapan ekspresi ) Gerund juga digunakan setelah ekspresi can't help, can't stand, to be worth, & it's no use. Contoh : • She couldn't help falling in love with him. • I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. • It's no use trying to escape. • It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train. 2.Infinitive 2.1 Bentuk infinitiv Infinitive Adalah bentuk dasar kata kerja ( verb ). Di dalam Bahasa inggrisketika membahas infinitive biasanya mengacu kapada present infinitiv, yaitu bentuk umumnya. the to-infinitive = to + base The present infinitive has two forms: • the zero infinitive = base ( dasar ) bentuk infinitive dasar sering kita jumpai di kamus To-infinitive Zero infinitive to sit sit to eat eat to have have to remember remember Negative infinitive dibentuk dengan meletakkan not di depan kata kerja ( verb ). Contoh: • I decided not to go to London. • He asked me not to be late. • I'd like you not to sing so loudly. • I'd rather not eat meat. • I might not come. 2.2 Kegunaan infinitiv to-infinitive digunakan diberbagai bentuk kalimat, selalu digunakan untuk menyatakan tujuan sesuatu atau pendapat seseorang tentang sesuatu. 2.2.1 To infinitive yang menyatakan suatu tujuan sebuah Tindakan Dalam hal ini sama fungsinya seperti in order to or so as to. Contoh : • She came to collect her pay cheque. • The three bears went to find firewood. • I am calling to ask you about dad. • You sister has gone to finish her homework. 2.2.2 To infinitiv sebagai subjek sebuah kalimat. Ini Adalah bentuk formal umumnya digunakan dalam penulisan dibanding percakapan. Contoh • To be or not to be, that is the question. • To know her is to love her. • To visit the Grand Canyon is my life-long dream. • To understand statistics, that is our aim. 2.2.3 To infinitive sebagai apa yang dapat dilakukan sesuatu atau untuk apa sesuatu itu Pada rumus ini, the to-infinitive diikuti sebuah kata benda atau kata ganti. Examples • The children need a garden to play in. • I would like a sandwich to eat. • I don't have anything to wear. • Would you like something to drink? 2.2.4 To infinitive setelah kata sifat. Rumus umum to-infinitive dengan sebuah kata sifat. Adalah sebagai berikut: subject + to be + adjective + (for/of someone) + to-infinitive + (rest of sentence) Subject + to be + adjective (+ for/of someone) + to-infinitive (+ rest of sentence) It is good to talk. It is good of you to talk to me. It is important to be patient. It is important for Jake to be patient with his little brother. I am happy to be here. The dog is naughty to destroy our couch. 2.2.5 To infinitive digunakan untuk membuat sebuah komentar atau penilaian. Ketika membuat suatu komentar tentang suatu hal rumusnya Adalah : Subject + to be + noun phrase + to-infinitive Subject + to be + noun phrase + to-infinitive It was a stupid place to park. That is a dangerous way to behave. What you said was a rude thing to say. This is the right thing to do. Those were the wrong kind of eggs to buy. Jim is the best person to hire. 2.2.6 To infinitive dengan keterangan To-infinitive biasanya digunakan dengan keterangan too and enough untuk menyatakan alas an dibalik kepuasan atau ketidakpuasan kita. Rumusnya too and enough ditempatkan sebelum atau setelah kata sifat (adjective), keterangan (adverb), atau kata benda (noun ) yang diterangkan. Kemudian diikuti oleh to-infinitive untuk menerangkan alas an mengapa jumlahnya berlebih, cukup atau tidak cukup. Biasanya to-infinitive dan semua keterangan yang mengikuti dapat dihilangkan, dan kalimatnya masih benar secara tatabahasa. Examples • There's too much sugar to put in this bowl. • I had too many books to carry. • This soup is too hot to eat. • She was too tired to work. • He arrived too late to see the actors. • I've had enough food to eat. • She's old enough to make up her own mind. • There isn't enough snow to ski on. • You're not old enough to have grand-children! 2.2.7 To infinitive dengan question words ( kata tanya ) Kata kerja seperti ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, & understand dapat diikuti oleh question word ( kalimat tanya ) seperti where, how, what, who, & when + To-infinitive. Examples • She asked me how to use the washing machine. • Do you understand what to do? • Tell me when to press the button. • I've forgotten where to put this little screw. • I'm not sure I know who to call. 2.3 Kegunaan zero infinitive 2.3.1 Zero infinitive setelah auxiliaries ( kata bantu ) Examples • She can't speak to you. • He should give her some money. • Shall I talk to him? • Would you like a cup of coffee? • I might stay another night in the hotel. • They must leave before 10.00 a.m. 2.3.2 To infinitive setelah verbs of perception ( kata kerja menggunakan panca indra seperti melihat(see), mendengar(hear), merasakan( feel), mencium(smell),mengecap (taste) ) Dengan verbs of perception, the pattern is verb + object + zero infinitive. Contoh • He saw her fall from the cliff. • We heard them close the door. • They saw us walk toward the lake. • She felt the spider crawl up her leg. 2.3.3 Zero infinitive setelah kata kerja "make" and "let" Contoh • Her parents let her stay out late. • Let's go to the cinema tonight. • You made me come with you. • Don't make me study that boring grammar book! 2.3.4 Zero infinitive setelah ekspresi "had better" Contoh • We had better take some warm clothing. • She had better ask him not to come. • We had better reserve a room in the hotel. • You'd better give me your address. • They had better work harder on their homework. 2.3.5 Zero infinitive dengan "why" The question word why is followed by the zero infinitive when making suggestions. Contoh • Why wait until tomorrow? • Why not ask him now? • Why leave before the end of the game? • Why walk when we can go in the car? • Why not buy a new bed?